How to prepare for a presentation - منتديات نور الاستقامة
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افتراضي  How to prepare for a presentation
كُتبَ بتاريخ: [ 12-01-2011 ]
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الصورة الرمزية عابر الفيافي
 
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تاريخ التسجيل : Jan 2010
مكان الإقامة : في قلوب الناس
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قوة التقييم : عابر الفيافي قمة التميز عابر الفيافي قمة التميز عابر الفيافي قمة التميز عابر الفيافي قمة التميز


Here are some things you need to find out about your audience:
• size of the group
* age
• educational level
* occupation
* social background
• common interests, values, and goals
• reason for their meeting
Imagine you are an expert on plants. If you know that you will be talking to a group of 100 people who live in high-rise apartments, you will know that you should talk about raising houseplants instead of tending a lawn. If you will be talking to a group of pharmacists, it would probably be more appropriate to talk about the medicinal properties of different plants than about how to make floral arrangements
Choosing a
Topic
Choose a topic that interests you and is suitable for the occasion and the audience.
You will usually choose a topic that you already know something about. If your topic requires research, be sure that the necessary sources of information are available.
Choose a topic that you can adequately cover in the time allowed for your speech.
Sometimes the topic is chosen by the person or group asking you to speak. Follow the guidelines above to decide what aspect of the topic you will focus on and how you will approach it.
Determining the Purpose
Every speech has one of three main purposes: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. Before you prepare any speech, decide on a general purpose—on what effect you want the speech to have on your audience. Then write the specific purpose of your speech in one sentence.

To Inform. When giving a speech to inform, your purpose is to give information to the audience. This speech is to tell how, what, or why.

how the British Parliament works
how to improve skills in a sport
how to use the Heimlich maneuver to prevent a person from choking
You must present the information in a way that will let your audience clearly understand it.
Use a chart to show muscles when you are telling people how to develop an exercise program.
Show the equipment when you are talking to an audience about what they will need to scuba dive.
To Entertain.
Most speeches have parts that are designed to entertain the audience, but a speech to entertain must be humorous from beginning to end. The purpose of this speech is to get your audience to relax and enjoy themselves. You want them to laugh and clap.
These speeches should have a definite purpose.
to describe what makeup will look like in the future
to characterize how nervous an employee feels before starting a new job
to tell how to give kittens, gerbils, or white mice away
Speeches to entertain frequently begin with a humorous story like this.
Once upon a time, in the days of the Roman Empire, a mob was gathered in the Coliseum to watch as a Christian was thrown to a hungry lion. The spectators cheered as the wild beast went after its prey. But the Christian quickly whispered something in the lion’s ear, and the beast backed away with obvious terror on its face. No amount of calling and foot stomping by the audience could get the lion to approach the Christian again. Fearlessly, the Christian walked from the arena.
The Emperor was so amazed at what had happened that he sent for the Christian and offered him his freedom if he would say what he had done to make the ferocious beast cower in fear. The Christian bowed before the Emperor and said, “I merely whispered in the lion’s ear: ‘After dinner, you’ll be required to say a few words.’”

To Persuade.

Persuasive speeches are designed to convince the listeners to change their thinking or to act in a particular way. Campaign speeches, speeches to raise money, and speeches that tell why you should change poor eating habits or conserve energy are examples of persuasive speeches.
Begin by taking an inventory of what you already know about the subject.
1. Ask yourself, “What do I know about this subject?” Jot down these facts. You may find that you have made quite a list.
2. Refine this list by next asking yourself, “What does my audience need to know about the subject?” You may wish to circle these items.
3. Look at your list again and decide if there are any large gaps in it that need to be filled with information from other sources. At the same time, note the items that you want to check for accuracy.
4. If your speech requires any information or knowledge you do not already have, you will need to do research. Be sure to write down the information you gather. Enlist the librarian’s help when you cannot find a specific bit of information. Before you read anything, decide if you are reading it for general ideas, details, or definitions. Get in the habit of “talking” to the material as you read it. Ask questions about what is on each page. Take notes so that you won’t have to go back and reread the material

5. Observe the subject matter itself.
If your talk is about how a machine works, you might watch someone using the machine or taking it apart.
6. Talk to people who have special knowledge of your subject. Test your own ideas by finding out whether other people agree or disagree with your thinking and why. Use interviews to find out what others think about a subject.
Imagine what different viewpoints you could collect on gun control from a police officer, an avid hunter, and someone who was just shot by a burglar.
If you want to find out what a fairly large number of persons think about several issues, conduct a survey.
Organize the information you have gathered into an
outline. It is the plan of your speech.
Outlining.

Use Roman numerals for the main points of your
speech. Each main point should support the purpose of
your speech.
Develop each main point with two or more
sub-points. Use capital letters for these in your outline.
Each sub-point can have two or more subordinate
points. These are numbered with Arabic numerals.
Avoid putting too many subordinate points into your
outline, or you will find yourself writing an entire
speech instead of an outline.
The skeleton of an outline might look like this:
Your speech must have a beginning, a middle, and an end. These parts are called the introduction, the body, and the conclusion of your speech.
NOTE: How you develop your speech is your decision. Most people begin by planning the body of their speech, since you cannot really create the introduction until you know what you are going to say in the main part.
At this point, decide whether you will use a manuscript, an outline or note cards, or no notes at all when you deliver your speech.. prepare any manuscript or notes you will use.
In the introduction, you invite your audience to listen to the subject of your speech. You have to win both their attention and support in a short time. You can begin with standard remarks about the community, audience, weather, and the like. Or you can be more inventive and begin with a challenging question, drastic statement, startling statistic, interesting quotation, funny anecdote, or joke. Whatever your choice, make sure it leads into the subject of your speech. Following are several different openers that might be used for a speech about relationships between people and dogs.
When Ulysses, the Greek hero, returned home after 20 years of adventure, the only creature to recognize him was his dog. (statement)
About 250 million people live in the United States today, and they have about 50 million dogs. (statement)
Who were the first animals to be tamed? (question)
The more I see of men, the better I like dogs. —Madame
Roland (quotation)
For months he had been her devoted admirer. Now, at long last, he had collected up sufficient courage to ask her the most momentous of all questions.
“There are quite a lot of bachelors,” he began, “but there comes a time when one longs for the companionship of another being—a being who will regard one as perfect, as an idol; whom one can treat as one’s absolute property; who will be kind and faithful when times are hard; who will share one’s joys and sorrows—”
To his delight he saw a sympathetic gleam in her eyes. Then she nodded in agreement.
“So you’re thinking of buying a dog?” she said. “I think it’s a fine idea. Do let me help you choose one!” (funny story)
The body of the speech contains the main points you want to make and the subpoints which explain and support your main ideas. You will usually have from one to five main points for most speeches. Be sure you have enough material to explain each point. Limit your subpoints to things that are especially interesting or convincing to your particular audience.
Order. Determine the order of your main points. Refer to your outline and arrange the points in a logical order.
1. When you place your ideas in order of importance, make your most important point first so that the audience knows right away what it is.
2. When you use chronological order, you relate a sequence of incidents or events that happened over a period of time.
3. In familiar to unfamiliar order you begin with something the audience already knows in order to help them understand a new or unfamiliar idea you want to get across to them.
4. If your topic might be a little difficult to understand, use simple to complex order—starting with the easier points and leading up to the more difficult ones.
5. Use concrete to abstract order for explaining a theory or other more abstract thought. Start with concrete facts or events that would convince the audience of the abstract idea or principle you want to prove.
Identify the start of each new point by using words such as first, second, next, then, last, or finally. Emphasize the key points by saying things like, It is important to, Don’t forget, and You need to know.
Attention-Holding Devices. You will also need to include some attention-holding devices in the body of your speech. Be sure to weave them into the context of your speech. Only use attention-holding devices that are clearly related to your topic and will help you get your message across.
There are many kinds of attention-holding devices you can use:
• relating stories and anecdotes
• using quotations and literary allusions
• asking the audience questions to catch their interest and get them involved
• referring to everyday experiences the audience may have had
• using humor
• repeating key words and phrases

Visit the setting beforehand. It determines the kinds of speaking tools that you can use as well as the type of presentation you should make. This visit gives you the opportunity to tell the people who will be setting up the room how you would like it arranged and what equipment you will need. Do this job yourself. No one else knows all the details that are important to you.
Use this visit to find out the following information:

• the size of the room
• what the acoustics of the room are like
• the level and type of lighting in the room
• the normal internal and external noise level of the room
• where you will stand or sit
• the quality of the equipment available to you
• the availability of people to operate equipment and help you in other ways
• the name of the person responsible for setting up the room and any equipment that you will use
• the location of the electrical outlets
The Room. Decide if the room temperature will be comfortable when the audience is there.
Consider the acoustics of the room along with the size of the group you will be speaking to, and decide whether you will need a sound system.
Take a minute to listen to the sounds of the room. You want to find out if there are any distracting noises.
The Lighting. Stand on the spot where you will speak. Look at where the audience will be seated. You must be able to see each other for effective communication to take place.
Now is the time to decide on the light level. Try to avoid shadows. If there are curtains on the windows, they may need to be adjusted. Remember that the amount of available light will vary with the time of day and the weather.
Find out how to adjust the lights if you will be using a projector that requires a dim or dark room.

The Seating. You want to get as close to your audience as possible, but people tend to choose any seat except the front seats. Solve the problem by limiting the number of chairs or the seating area.
You can bring a small audience closer to you by having them sit in a semicircle or by sitting with them in a circle.
Consider the comfort of your listeners. The seating arrangement should give them room to stretch their legs.

The Speaker’s Stand. Check out the height of the speaker’s stand if you plan to use it. Make adjustments so that you will be comfortable on your speaking day.
Investigate the interior of the stand to see if there sufficient space to hold any speaking tools you wish to use.
If you will need a light to read your notes, be sure that one is available and that it works.
The Microphone and Sound System. Find out what kind of microphone, if any, you will be using. Practice with if it is available. Find out how to turn it on and off and how to adjust its height. Discover how close you should be to the microphone and whether you must speak squarely into it or can stand slightly to the side.
To test a microphone, speak into it. Tapping a microphone can easily damage it, and blowing into a mike is unprofessional.
If other sound equipment will be provided in the room, meet with the person responsible for it to discuss speaker placement and operation.
See also 14.C.3: Audio Tools.
Other Speaking Tools. Make arrangements for projectors, tables, easels, and chalkboards to be in the room if you will need them. If you require help in operating equipment, arrange for this help now. You should even request a pitcher of water if you will want one.
Last-Minute Details. Arrive early on the day you speak. Allow at least half an hour to set up your speaking tools and check the setting. The more complicated your presentation is, the more time you should allow. Make sure that the room is set up as you planned and that it is neat and clean.
Check your microphone by speaking into it. Adjust its height now, unless other people will be using it before your turn to speak.
Check out your path to the speaker’s stand or wherever you will speak. Walk to this spot to see if there are any obstacles in your way.

Transitions. Decide how you will make transitions from point to point in your speech. Transitions are the sentences that link the ideas of a speech together. Transition sentences move your speech smoothly along.
To help your audience understand what Point B has to do with Point A, use a transition sentence that explains how Point A and Point B are related. Are two ideas or people similar to or different from each other? Did one event cause another event to occur?
The conclusion is your last chance to accomplish your purpose. The kind of conclusion you choose will
depend upon your purpose.
If you are speaking to inform, review and summarize what you have said, without adding any new information. Restate your ideas, rather than repeating them in the same words you used earlier. You could use a quotation from a famous person which summarizes your main idea in an interesting or unusual way.
You might use a “big bang” ending for a persuasive speech. A startling statement or a statement that stirs the audience’s emotions could spark your one last appeal for action.
If the purpose of your speech is to entertain, you
would probably try to leave the audience laughing.
Study the way these speeches ended.
Such are the measures which I advise, which I propose; adopt them, and even yet, I believe, our prosperity may be reestablished, If any man has better advice to offer, let him communicate it openly. Whatever you determine, I pray to all the gods for happy result.
Demosthenes
And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close my military career and just fade away, an old soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave him the light to see that duty. Good-bye.
General Douglas MacArthur
As I now glance at the hour, I am reminded of a poem:
“The coffee’s cold, the sherbet wanes,
The speech drones on and on
Oh Speaker, heed the ancient rule:
Be brief. Be gay. Be gonel”

Rehearsing
is the step in which you improve and
polish the speech. Allow plenty of time fo
r this important part of preparation.

1. Begin practicing the sp
eech using the outline, notes, or manuscript you have prepared. As you become
more at ease with the i
nformation, you will naturally depend less on the outline, notes, or manuscript.
Practice giving y
our speech in whatever way you decide to deliver it. Your rehearsal is a good time
to become comfort
able with the kind of delivery you have chosen—and to see if it is working well
for you. If not,
you might need to change your method of delivery to one that will work better for
you.


2. Rehearsing the speech will help you notice if the speech is working—or if it needs some revising. Is the wording right? Do any points need to be more fully explained? If points do not seem to follow each other well, rearrange them. If your rehearsal
shows that a few changes could improve the speech, make those changes.


3. Next, practice your speech in front of a mirror so that you can watch your facial expression, posture, and gestures. Try to say the speech at least once in the place where you will actually deliver the speech. That way you will know how large the room is, if there is a stage, podium, or microphone, and whether or not you will have to talk above outside noises.


4. Finally, ask someone to listen to your speech. Have the person tell you whether the speech is clear and understandable. Ask if the speech seems appropriate for the audience and the occasion. Also have the person point out if your gestures are effective
and if your voice carries to the back of the room.






How to prepare for a presentation


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